The Evolution of U.S. Business Strategies in a Global Market

Robert Wentrup is a cofounder of Internago, a company focused on internationalization. He formerly worked for Business Sweden, the Swedish Trade and Invest Council in France and Morocco. His PhD research focused on globalization of online enterprises and geographical perspectives on the online economy. He is a research fellow and guest lecturer at the Centre for International Business Studies, Department of Business Administration, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. His research covers Internet and economic geography, international business, and development studies. He has experience as a technology consultant at Accenture and serves on the board of AAID, a non-governmental organization dedicated to accountability and internet democracy.

Xiangxuan Xu is a postdoctoral researcher at the Centre for International 

Business Studies, School of Business, Economics, and Law, University of Gothenburg. Her study explores spatial trends in the digital economy and their policy implications. Her current research project, financed by the Adlerbertska Foundations, examines sustainable manufacturing in the digital era through a regional industrial evolution lens. Her PhD dissertation, "The Internet of Things: Projects-Places-Policies," examines the spatial dynamics behind IoT implementations in a digital/physical and local/global context. She previously worked as a mobile telecommunications analyst and project manager for the European Union Framework Programme BSR Stain International Administration (HEC Geneva). She also completed executive courses at Harvard Business School, Stanford University, UC Berkeley, and EPFL. He is a data protection expert with EuroPrivacy, EuroPriSe, and ISO 27001 certifications. Sébastien formed various foundations, SMEs, and organizations. Sébastien Ziegler initiated international research projects in ICT, focusing on the Internet of Things, IPv6, and privacy. He coordinates many European research initiatives and co-directs the Master of Advanced Studies on the Internet of Things at the University of Geneva. With a multidisciplinary academic background that includes international law, science, and economics, he is a tireless advocate for research, innovation, and international cooperation. He encouraged the establishment of various organizations, foundations, and corporations. Xenia Ziouvelou is a Senior Research Fellow at the University of Southampton (UK).  services, data analytics, data collection, and advertising. Content/information refers to the visual representation of data, including adverts. Benefits are equivalent to the value captured. BM strategies can be classified as "get ahead" or "catch up" in terms of market or technology. 

Her research focuses on how innovation and technological transformation impact

Business, law, and policy. Ziouvelou has extensive experience in strategy in both academia and industry.The Value Design Model approaches IoT business modeling from an ecosystem viewpoint, focusing on collaborative networks rather than individual businesses. Ecosystem theory derives from systems theory, which posits that the whole is greater than its parts. Enabling IoT services requires multiple skill sets. To effectively capture all value streams, a company's business model should not be vendor-centric. The four blocks represent Value Design, which involves intentionally creating and capturing value in an IoT environment. Westerlund et al. (2014) propose a new approach to IoT business modeling, shifting from a vendor-centric to network-centric perspective. Companies must adjust their mindset significantly from traditional thinking. The Value Design Model differs from Osterwalder and Pigneur's (2010) frameworks in that it takes a comprehensive approach to business modeling building blocks, identifying value flows across dimensions. The Value Design Model's conceptual nature limits its usability and maturity. The Value Design Model addresses Sun et al.'s (2012) questions by displaying the cost, revenue streams, and other values in the IoT ecosystem. Companies can profit from these values through the Value Extract., Innovation and TechnologyThe BM process begins with the focus company, followed by collaborators, input, network, service, content, benefits, and strategy and tactics. The ecosystem consists of collaborators, including suppliers and customers, who enable and implement the BM. Participants offer input, which can include sensor data or GPS location/destination.The network refers to communication technologies such mobile networks, the Internet, and Bluetooth. The offering contains a process or package, such as cloud. 

Finally digital billing strategies include physical freemium digital add on digital lock-in

Product as point of sale, self-service, remote usage, and condition monitoring.The IoT Business Model Framework incorporates much previous research on IoT business modeling. The 2D style improves usability while covering strategy and tactics. This framework serves as an illustration of the foundation.The presentation of six BM frameworks shows that the first three tools are highly usable and mature. However, they score low on the six specified DBM/IoT business modeling features. In contrast, new BM tools excel in DBM/IoT business modeling but lack usability and maturity. Future research and development in DBM may improve the maturity and usability of DBM/IoT BM tools, according to preliminary findings.The new generation of DBM frameworks includes six additional characteristics that highlight the importance of adopting new BM frameworks to capture the value and revenue streams of data, IoT architecture, and ecosystem interconnectivity in the digital economy. This chapter highlights emerging research and trends in DBM and IoT business modeling, which are expected to evolve significantly as digitalization impacts business and society. Many researchers emphasize the importance of transdisciplinary research in IoT business modeling. However, the new add-ons are uneven in resolving the issues raised by prior authors. The revenue streams and expense structures of partners are unclear. Furthermore, the lack of tools hinders the model's usefulness and maturity for technology transfer.

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